Young children learn problem solving though playing

Peoples frequently think that drama is merely drama. Children merely drama and they will non larn anything when they play. The existent fact is that kids are larning when they are playing. Children merely know what drama is as this is a self-generated act. Children do non necessitate to learn how to play but they must be guided when they play in order to accomplish the acquisition nonsubjective. Most surveies have portrayed drama as an activity, which has a important positive impact on kids ‘s development such as ( Bruner 1990 ) . Garvey ( 1977 ) gave a utile description of drama for instructors when she described drama as unique to the kids and grownup should non transfuse their constructs into it and seek to direct the drama activity. Play should be child initiated with the facilitation from the grownup to widen and spread out. Play, both directed and adrift, is a critical in the development of larning for immature kids. Harmonizing to Bloom ( 1964 ) , play influences rational development ( Isenberg & A ; Jalongo 1997 ) . And drama helps kids to larn new constructs, to advance, promote kids ‘s problem-solving accomplishments in a natural, fun manner. Many early childhood pedagogues have recognised the fact that drama is the most effectual and powerful ways for immature kids to larn. Dewey ( 1916, 1938 ) believed that kids learn about themselves and their universe through drama ( citied in Joan P. Isenberg & A ; Mary Renck Jalongo, 1997 ) . With concrete stuffs, chances, meaningful first manus experiences would let kids to derive new understanding during drama. As drama is a cosmopolitan activity, kids know how to play and they do non necessitate to be taught. It is drama that influences kids ‘s acquisition and their development. Play aid kids to develop physically, cognitively, emotionally every bit good as societal accomplishments which they will necessitate in their later in life in order to populate independently. We all know that kids ‘s â€Å" occupation † is to play, as kids play, they learn about themselves and others around the universe, intensifying their apprehension and edifice on their familiar cogn ition. Both theory and research supports such a relationship ( Erikson, 1963 ; Fromberg, 1998, 2002 ; Frost et al. , 2001 ; Johnson et al. , 1999 ; Monighan-Nourot & A ; Van Hoorn, 1991 ; Piaget, 1962 ) . Isaacs ‘ ( 1933 ) claimed that, â€Å" Play is a kid ‘s life and the agencies by which he comes to understand the universe he lives in. † ( citied in Macintyre 2001, p. 3 ) .How does Play Impact Learning and Development in Young Children?Play contributes to school success in many ways ; research has showed that every competence of import to school success is enhanced by drama ( Isenberg & A ; Quisenberry, 2002 ; Singer, 2006 ) . In the research literature ( Singer et al. , 2006 ; Smilansky, 1990 ; Van Hoorn, Nourot, Scales & A ; Alward, 2007 ) , it has documented that there are connexions between the complexness of kids ‘s make-believe drama, early literacy, mathematical thought and job resolution. When kids are playing they have the chances to utilize their mental representations of the universe to associate to new objects, people and state of affairss which is the cardinal ability for the future academic acquisition. Physical, societal, emotional, rational, and linguistic communication development are all integrate in kids ‘s drama. Children have a natural motive to larn when they are engaged in the things they are interested ( Shonkoff & A ; Phillips, 2000 ) . Children will be able to develop constructs and skills together as they are integrated in the context of meaningful and playful experiences. For illustration, a four-year-old kid learns to compose the letters in her name, making so, she is besides larning the construct that each missive represents a sound, and she will be extremely motivated by the significance which is her ain name. Skills have limited value without constructs. Example, a kid who is able to number to five by rote, she will non hold the construct of five, unless she understands the measure represented ( 5 = five blocks ) . Children are more likely to retain the accomplishments and constructs they have learned in meaningful contexts. Concepts are developed through activities that occur of course during drama, such as numeration, screening, sequencing, foretelling, hypothesizing, and measuring. Learning through drama is an of import and natural procedure. Learning through drama introduces and Teachs new accomplishments with a happy, comfy and fun attack says Gale Kelleher, manager of Rainbow Nursery School in New York. Meghan McGinley Crowe, Executive Director of Literacy for Little Sprouts, explains that presenting new acquisition processes through playful activities in which kids are per se interested are of import. They keep kids ‘s attending and let them to easy perpetrate larning to long term memory. â€Å" Hands-on, playful larning experiences non merely construct involvement in the topic, but set off a kindergartners experiences in larning as positive, joy filled 1s which they will desire to go on for old ages to come † ( Crowe, 2009 ) . During playing, the kid will research their senses that help them in work outing jobs. For illustration, when a kid tries to suit a unit of ammunition block to the square hole but could n't suit it in. This will let the kid to believe and motivate the kid to happen another hole that can suit the unit of ammunition block. Once the kid found it, they will cognize that merely round hole can suit a unit of ammunition block. Not merely that, when playing, the kid can get all right and gross motor accomplishments. It will besides assist them concentrate, heighten their imaginativeness, and socialise with other kids.The Problem-solving ProcedureProblem resolution is to supply kids with a mechanism for doing good pick about how to react or move and respond in assorted state of affairss. When come to job resolution, it required clip, forbearance, energy and accomplishments. Once kids have get job work outing accomplishments, they become more confident and will be responsible in covering with day-to-day state of affairss. Harmonizing to Doescher ( 1995 ) and Loh ( 2002 ) the job work outing procedure aid kids to work out jobs and do better determination. They suggested parents, pedagogue and instructors to steer kids through the undermentioned stairss: Measure 1: To work out the job, foremost to allow kids cognize what a job is and how they can understand it. Adults may detect and garner information about the state of affairs in order to cognize their kids ‘s problem-solving abilities and to see whether kids are able to work out the job. Questions should be asked: â€Å" What is go oning? † and â€Å" What precisely do we necessitate to make? † Measure 2: Children need to place and specify the job or state of affairs in order to acquire good solution for the job. Once the job is clarified, promote kids to bring forth options, come out with possible solutions thoughts, inquiries and statements, illustration, â€Å" What can we make otherwise? † â€Å" Let ‘s see how many thoughts we can come up with? † and â€Å" Are at that place still more solutions we can believe of? † Measure 3: Discus with the kids the solutions to the job. Talk about the options suggestions and asked kids to notice on them. As this is a critical measure of learning job resolution, grownup can supply some simple solutions or different ways of work outing jobs. When kids reexamining the solutions to the job, they will be able to cognize and measure different solutions to different job. However, grownup must non make the kids ‘s work, allow the kids do it. From the kids ‘s suggestions and seeking their thoughts will be able to let kids to develop their concluding power apart from larning to work out the jobs? Measure 4: Aid kids to make up one's mind on a solution, let kids to test, adapt and research different solutions to the job. Childs have to take the solution which is agreeable to all. Therefore, it is besides appropriate to inquire proposal from each kid. â€Å" What do you believe of the suggestion? † â€Å" If we choose this thought, what do you believe will go on? † When seeking a solution, kids are taking charge of the job and kids need to expect the test solution may be feasible or non, and it can be changed if necessary. By researching and work outing job, it will assist kids to streamline their encephalon in a simple and wise mode. Measure 5: Aid kids to seek a different solution when needed. Sometimes kids need to discourse their job farther and this is the clip for grownup to measure the state of affairs and to come out with another solution. Adult can inquire inquiries ; explore solutions by inquiring thoughts from the kids. â€Å" How can you work out the job? † â€Å" What do you believe? † Children may do a batch of errors while larning to work out jobs and grownup should learn kids how to manage errors and most common bloopers. â€Å" Mistakes and bloopers are the foundation stones that will let kids work out jobs that they encounter in their life † ( Loh. 2002 ) . Therefore, grownup should promote kids to maintain seeking and finally they will be able to happen solution for the job. In Piaget ‘s theory, he has identified that kids move through four wide phases of development by which kids progress through them, each of which is characterized by a qualitatively distinguishable manner of thought. In detector motor phase, cognitive development begins with the babe ‘s usage of the senses and motions to research the universe. These action patterns evolve into the symbolic but unlogical thought of the kindergartners in the preoperational phase. Then knowledge is transformed into the more organized logical thinking of the school age kids in the concrete operational phase. Finally, in the formal operational phase, thought becomes the complex, abstract concluding system of the stripling and grownup. Harmonizing to Piaget, the development of the kids ‘s cognitive abilities will merely reflected in the growing of their powers of perceptual experience, linguistic communication, concluding and problem-solving abilities. If we observed closely at a really immature yearlings faces a job, they frequently merely shout ground being they do non cognize what else to make except shouting. By the age of two, kids will utilize memory as job work outing tool, kids will believe about the job, retrieve what he saw and so copy it. By three old ages old, kids will utilize their imaginativenesss when jobs arise, illustration if there is no helmet in the dramatic corner, the 3s will utilize a bowl and have on it inverted. The four old ages old are the adventuresome and they need some aid in concentrating the job. They are more patient and able to seek out different solutions by utilizing more vocabularies and besides ready to negociate with their equals ( Miller, 1996 ) . Children thrive on complex constructive undertakings that produce identifiable merchandises. Five and six twelvemonth olds peculiarly enjoy constructive drama with higher degrees of societal coaction.How does Play Enhance Cognitive Development?â₠¬Å" Children construct these exposures to new constructs through drama. Each playful experience builds the cognitive development of larning a new fact and perpetrating it to long term memory, † says Crowe ( 2009 ) . Cognitive development focuses on developing maps of the encephalon such as thought, acquisition, consciousness, judgement, and treating information. Harmonizing to developmental psychologist Jean Piaget, kids go through several phases of cognitive development and acquisition activities for yearlings and kids should match to the appropriate developmental ( Snuggs, 2008 ) . In footings of cognitive development, Piaget ‘s ( 1896-1980 ) believed that kids construct their ain apprehension through interacting with their environment and learned to accommodate to the universe. Adaptation which involves through the two procedures that normally happen at the same time, they are assimilation and adjustment. He defined assimilation which means the kid ‘s return in new things from the outside universe and tantrum into the already existing construction. The new rational stuffs which include thoughts, constructs, and points of position to suit into the bing constructions of our heads, in order for these new thoughts finally incorporated into our ain universe positions. Adjustment on the other manus, is the adjusting of the construction in reaction to the freshly incorporated stuff. Therefore, cognitive development involves an interaction between absorbing new facts to old cognition and suiting old cognition to new facts and the care of structural equilib ration ( Halford 1989 ) . Piaget further explained that without the pattern in drama context, the accomplishments that kids have would be loss. In order for kids to absorb information and explored the environment into their heads and assist kids to do sense of it is through drama. Play enable kids to larn work outing job, it help kids able to associate with their old acquisition and obtain new accomplishments, new constructs, able to happen ways to derive more cognition. Children act in an environment by manipulate with different stuffs, equipment-increased kids ‘s cognition. In Piaget ‘s theory, he has recognized that kids move through four wide phases of development, each of which is characterized by a qualitatively distinguishable manner of thought. In detector motor phase, cognitive development begins with the babe ‘s usage of the senses and motions to research the universe. These action patterns evolve into the symbolic but unlogical thought of the kindergartners in the preoperational phase. Then knowledge is transformed into the more organized logical thinking of the school age kids in the concrete operational phase. Finally, in the formal operational phase, thought becomes the complex, abstract concluding system of the stripling and grownup. Harmonizing to Piaget, the development of the kids ‘s cognitive abilities will merely reflected in the growing of their powers of perceptual experience, linguistic communication, co ncluding and problem-solving abilities. Piaget ( 1962 ) believed that kids are active scholars ; kids learn best from the activities they plan, carry out and reflect. Children would be after the activities they are interested in order to prosecute, derive direct experience and use logical believing to their job work outing accomplishments. Harmonizing to Piaget when kids are actively utilizing their head to seek for possible reply, work outing job is a critical facet because kids are mentally building assorted possibilities. In order for effectual acquisition to happen, active engagement is needed to let kids to pull strings stuffs during their acquisition so that they can research ‘what happens if.. ? ‘ Children will be chew overing over higher cognitive-level inquiries, which result them to dispute their thought and coerce them to use, analyze, synthesis or measure what they have learned. Active acquisition besides encourages kids to happen application and illustrations of the freshly learned constructs and brainstorming solutions to jobs ( Mclnerney & A ; Mclnerney 2008 ) . Researcher have besides conclude that kids who participate activity in dramatic drama which besides know as make-believe drama during the preschool old ages has a higher mark on the degrees of imaginativeness and creativeness and this enhance the ability of believing inventively ( Freyberg, 1973, Pepler & A ; Ross, 1981 ) . When kids engaged in dramatic drama or feign drama, they transform the object and actions symbolically. Bergen ‘s survey says that in make-believe drama, kids are practising dialogue, function pickings and job resolution. Vygotsky ‘s theory besides supported that when kids constructed new cognition through their drama, whether they are practising what they have learned in other scenes or they are building new cognition, it is clear that drama has a valuable function in the early childhood schoolroom. Jerome Bruner ( 1972 ) and Brian Sutton Smith ( 1967 ) both maintained that drama provides a comfy and relaxed ambiance in which kids can larn to work out a assortment of jobs. Subsequently, when kids are confronted with the more complex jobs of the existent universe, â€Å" the acquisition that took topographic point during drama is of great benefit to them. † ( Hughes, 2010 p.27 )DecisionThe term of job resolution is used in different signifiers in the literature and job work outing screens a assortment of countries which range from seting mystifiers together, to work out simple scientific discipline and arithmetic jobs, and besides â€Å" to the solution of mental, logical, societal, and mechanical jobs. † ( Bullock, 2000, p.24 ) . Research has found that when a kid is given a peculiar job to work out, the kid has to find the conditions, see the process and stairss taken to work out the job. Gagne ( 1970 ) considers that when a individual ‘s is work outing job, it involves the highest cognitive abilities of which 1 is capable. Young kids learn job work outing accomplishments largely through drama and job resolution is the foundation of a immature kid ‘s acquisition. Educator should value, promote and supply job work outing chances in the early childhood schoolroom. As job work outing occurs in the mundane context of a kid ‘s life, it is the best chances for kids to near jobs in different ways in order to work out them.

Latin American History Essay

According to Chasteen (2006), Latin America can be regarded as either having a single history or not. The twenty countries can be said to have a common history due to them being similar in more ways than one. When looked at from a different perspective, they can also be said not to have a single history because these countries’ history cannot be accurately and fully described in one story. This article will explore Chasteens’ views with the aim of establishing if his views are accurate. Jose Maria Caicedo was the first one to refer to this geographical region as ‘Latin America† The introduction of this name encompassed both the Spaniards and French speaking people occupying the lands. Latin America is comprised of countries found in the south of the United States of America and maybe sub-divided into regions namely; Carribean, Central America, South America and North America. Latin America is the 4th largest Continent on planet Earth. History shows that the entry and exit of regions into and out of Latin America was a gradual transition that cannot be traced to specific dates. One common feature of these countries is the European conquest and colonization. Christopher Columbus arrived there in 1942, consequently opening them up to the world. Eventually, the region was taken over by European powers comprised of Portugal and Spain, who introduced diseases such as small pox in order to weaken the indigenous populace. Many died, while the survivors were subjected to forced labor. Eventually independence was attained between 1810 and 1830 through a string of freedom fighters. The Latin American republics also share a religion because during the period of colonization, the Roman Catholic Church was introduced in order to override the traditions of the natives. It became the major economic – political power and the authorized religion of the land. Most of the republics of Latin America, spoke the languages of romance, which were French and Spanish, with Spanish being the main dialect. Another language that was spoken is Portuguese. These dialects existed because these countries were colonized by Spain and Portugal. Some countries e. g. Guyane speak English, Suriname speaks Dutch and Brasilia speaks Portuguese. The Latin American nations possess a rich ethnicity in the make-up of the populace. We find the Amerindians who are the Aborigins, then there are the Blacks who were slaves brought in from Africa, the Asians who were traders from Japan and China, Mestizos were as a result of inter-marriage between the Europeans and the Amerindians and the Mulattoes from marriages between Europeans and Africans. The Whites were composed of the Spaniards and French and last but not least were the Zambos who came up as a result of mixed marriages between Africans and Amerindians. Another common trait was the signing of the International Human Rights Treaties by the 20 Latin American countries and the 28 Post Communist countries. The treaties addressed civil liberties, freedoms of speech, assembly, association, movement, religion and the independence of courts. Civil liberties of Latin American countries had been smothered by the Communist rule, which eventually collapsed between 1989 and 1991. Human rights and democratic self governance rights significantly improved across the countries after the fall of communism. This improvement was triggered by the increased shining of the spotlight on conduction of open and just elections. Personal integrity privileges remained explosive as they were for the most part affected by the struggle involving government and guerrilla movements. Crowley (1993) says the rights experienced a stunted improvement but nevertheless started showing progress as from 1991. The Latin American countries went through a state of dependency and neo-colonialism. Grandin (2004) wrote that in order to safeguard its economic interest, USA provided fiscal, military and moral support to the non-independent countries. Liberalization was initiated from 1989, though the Soviet and Yugoslav conflict continuously hindered growth. However, progress could by 1993 because there were more liberal and semi-liberal countries, and an increased show of respect for individuals’ rights to own property. In conclusion, it can be said that not only are the Latin American countries unified geographically, but across the cultural, economic, religious and historical background. Their masters without knowing united these countries, creating a wealthy people, empowered to transform their continent into a resourceful and culturally rich continent. References Chasteen J. C. (2006). Born in Blood and Fire: A Concise History of Latin America. New York: W. W. Norton & Co. Crowley, W. and Timothy P. (1991). Guerrillas and Revolution in Latin America: A Comparative Study of Insurgents and Regimes since 1956. New Jersey: Princeton: Princeton University Press. Grandin, G. (2004). The Last Colonial Massacre: Latin America in the Cold War. Chicago: Chicago University Press.

Compare and Contrast Ancient India and Egypt Combined Politics and Religion Essay

Compare and Contrast ancient India and Egypt combined politics and religion Through history, religion has shaped civilizations in several aspects. In ancient Indian and Egyptian civilizations it was very strong shaping force in political structures, but both the religious beliefs and the resulting political system were different, just like pharaohs were different from rajas. The way Egyptians and Indians blended religion with politics bears certain similarities. First of all, the central role of priests, who were the Egyptians pharaohs most important advisors during the New Kingdom and at one point gained more power than the pharaoh himself. In the other hand, in India priests or Brahmans were also important political figures since they were considered to be at the top of the caste system and comprised the most educated portion of society. Also, in both civilizations religion became a way to reinforce the government and lead voluntaries to work during the summers to build the famous Egyptian pyramids. In India, on the other hand, the caste system and the concept of dharma taught the lower classes what their place in society, and this place was subordinated to the upper classes and the government. Despite the similarities the influence of religion in the political life of both ancient civilizations displays some differences. For example, the pharaoh was considered a divine ruler, making him a leading priest, while rajas were military figures and even after the rise of the caste system warriors confined with priests for power. Even Ashoka, the emperor of India who became a Buddhist monk, was not divine, eventhough his government gave Buddhism central importance. Here, we can see yet another difference that started with the emergence of Buddhism and Jainism in India, while in India more than one religion (with Ashoka) while the Hindu caste system was still in practice, Egypt only had one central system of beliefs at a time. Even though the form of worship and the beliefs changed over time, only one religious system held power at a time, even during the short period during which the pharaoh became monotheistic with Akhenaton and the worship of Aton, only this system held political power even if the people still worship the old Gods. Because of this, priests and nobles overthrew this religious system in Egypt and regained their power. Even though religion was an important part of the Indian political system, neither rajas nor later emperors established a theocracy, while the Egyptian pharaohs did. In Egypt the pharaohs were religious and political figures, in fact, during the New Kingdom they had no standing army, while Rajas were warriors and the authority of Indian emperors also derived from military power. This is due because Egyptian civilization was peaceful through most of its history, so religion, rather tan an army was used to justify the pharaohs rule. In India, on the other hand, Indo-Aryan tribes spread through war, and the Indian empire was established by overthrowing the Macedonians through military conquest. So in both the positions of the Raja and the emperor were sustained by their ability to conquer and subdue others, even during the reign of Asoka diplomacy was used to expand the empires domains. As we can see, religion in India and Egypt became a factor of importance, but in clearly different ways and yielding different structures and interactions. The religious and political structures of both ancient civilizations can be related to the Japanese mandate of heaven. This comparison can be made because in India and Egypt the leaders shared both religious and political authority; they were the supreme leaders in both aspects. In the mandate of Heaven Japanese political rulers, were supposed to be enlightened or chosen by God to rule the empire. In conclusion the three civilizations had rulers in which were evolve both political and religiously.

Dim Forest Bright Chimps Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Dim Forest Bright Chimps - Essay Example The paper "Dim Forest Bright Chimps" discusses the article of Christophe Boesch and Hedwige Boesch-Achermann. They feel puzzled by the fact that whether these differences are brought upon by genetic factors or climatic changes. The development of the skills of these monkeys seem to have deep implications for the understanding of early human behaviour. The two scientists, Christophe Boesch and Hedwige Boesch-Achermann, have studied a group of chimpanzees in their natural setting to make new discoveries about the theories of evolution. Their long term study conducted on a group of chimpanzees in the Tai National Park, in the Republic of the Ivory Coast sought to discover their primitive instincts in the sense of their food and hunting preferences. Since the chimps are primates and are at a very early stage of evolution compared to humans it is necessary that their behaviour be observed to draw conclusions about physical and biological anthropology of the humans. The topic also illustra tes the way female chimps train their youngsters to acquaint them with coordination skills required to make and utilise tools. All of this may lead to what Darwin was propounding many years ago that humans and chimps are in the same evolutionary line. The authors have referred to the works of Raymond Dart in 1953 who according to them proposed that group hunting and cooperation were key ingredients in the evolution of Homo sapiens. Although other researchers have spoken about the same instincts in the social carnivores like Lions. ... Although other researchers have spoken about the same instincts in the social carnivores like Lions and Wild dogs but the writers of this article are convinced that "that hunting cooperatively and sharing food played a central role in the drama that enabled early hominids, some 1.8 million years ago, to develop the social systems that are so typically human". 4. Did the author address any contrary evidence or the opinions/work of others that run counter the author(s) claims . According to the writers Jane Goddall observed that Gombe chimps boost their success by hunting independently but simultaneously, thereby disorganizing their prey. They have made a very different observation that Tal chimps owe their success to being organized themselves. Also they have referred to the idea that many anthropologists believe that the hunting and behavioural differences between desert and forest chimps are because of climatic changes making the dessert chimps evolve from another line than that of the forest chimps. This notion is not endorsed by the writer because he believes that these differences exist because forest hunting needed different methodology because of the very dense and dimly lit environment. 5. What were the strengths and/or weaknesses of the author(s) argument Whereas it is true that adaptability shapes behaviours of chimps, even those of humans the different genetic code of these chimps cannot be ignored. Even in humans genetics control behaviours and intelligence. So the fact that these monkeys have superior genes cannot be ignored at all. 6. What are your conclusions Do you agree or disagree with the author Why I agree with the authors because the behavioural difference between the two kinds of chimps can be

Is New Labour In The United Kingdom A New Socialist Party Essay

Is New Labour In The United Kingdom A New Socialist Party - Essay Example United Kingdom's labour come in the nineteenth century when there was felt to be an urgent need for a third party to signify the interests of the major working class population, however after subsequent general elections of 1929, 1960's and 1970's it was named as "New Labour" in 1994. In 1997, under the guidance of Tony Blair the British Labour Party has led to a general election victory, escorting from 'old labour' to 'new labour'. We can acknowledge the re-emergence of New Labour as a party of liberal policies, which is characterized as a belief in legal rights and duties towards a citizen, however the party's popularity has affected badly since 2001 for the criticism the new name with an unprecedented comments of 'spin doctoring' and 'New Labour, New Danger' has brought to it.(Wikipedia, Labour Party UK)When we focus on the public sector response given to the New Labour's political vision, it can be seen that New Labour's public philosophy is a development of the socialist traditi on in response to specific dilemmas conceived largely in terms associated with the New Right. This factor should also be considered that Old Labour, New Labour, and the New Rights are all those abstractions that simplify some specific complex sets of political ideas, practices, and loyalties.Public philosophy also leads it to be communitative including many developing ideas that incorporate the experiences of community action and the labor movement. Community work in this approach is about assisting communities, particularly those affected by poverty and insecurity, to develop a strong voice in arguing for different economic and social outcomes than those they presently experience. (Anne Quinney, 2002) Community Action During the mid 1960s to mid 1970s, community work enjoyed a high profile in the UK. The desire of the British government to address and ameliorate social problems, particularly those in inner city areas, led to a range of schemes and programs, most of which used intervention in communities and neighborhoods as a core component. The role of community work at that time was to stabilize and incorporate sections of the population perceived to be "difficult" and provide support to integrate them into mainstream activity. So, the main problem remained within the community and produced a radical critique by economic, political, and social structures, creating an unequal distribution of resources and power throughout society. The continued existence of deprived areas was essential for the continuance of capitalism. In other words, structural inequalities were the root cause of poverty, where the community work was identified as controversial and problematic, as well as a useful practice for tackling social problems. This tension is constantly played out in the British community work field and cannot be ignored when examining aspects of practice. The experience of community development in Britain has been characterized by work at the neighborhood level and, has a primary focus upon a process whereby community groups are encouraged to articulate their problems and needs that will lead to collective action in the determination and meeting of their needs. Community Development has now extended its social exclusion towards health improvement targets and a unique and central feature of health and social care policies. The British New Labour government launched the Social Exclusion Unit, consisting of a group of civil servants and independent advisors, to analyze and report on problems in the 1,300 poorest neighborhoods. The first report attacked the way in which the previous government had failed these neighborhoods, as not enough emphasis had been placed on the communities themselves

Comparison of Ellis Island and Angels Island Essay

Comparison of Ellis Island and Angels Island - Essay Example Similarly, for an immigrant, it becomes difficult to adjust to the new surroundings, new customs and a new habitat altogether. Although both the parties mutually adjust and co-exist in the future, the initial phase would always be remembered.History of Ellis Island and Angel Island needs to be understood bearing this in mind. Both these points were recognized as entry points to America. Ellis Island is located in the upper bay just off New Jersey coast, within the shadow of a statue of Liberty. Today approximately 40% of America’s population can trace their origins back to Ellis Island and that is because the island has a history of processing twelve million immigration applications. Ellis Island got its name after its owners Samuel Ellis and was also known as Oyster Island earlier. Federal Government after procuring the island from Samuel Ellis primarily for the defense purpose. The immigration was processed at Castle Garden in New York which was later shifted to Ellis Island . The initial influx was of northern and western Europeans and much later southern and eastern Europeans also made their way to America through Ellis Island. Europe was mainly becoming stifling in terms of religion and socio-economic constraints. To escape from these conditions people migrated to a new land altogether. The quarantine ships examined the passengers while they were still in the waters and identified and separated people who were having contagious disease, disorders and were the potential threat to society. The passengers were then preceded to the island where rest of the formalities was carried out. Although it acquired a reputation of â€Å"island of tears† the usual proceedings did not take more than a few short hours to start a new life in America.

African American Cultural Practice Research Paper

African American Cultural Practice - Research Paper Example Therefore, it was not illegal to practice racism. Racism against African Americans remained institutionalized in America throughout 17th and 18th centuries, notes Nedoma (56). The success of the Civil War and the abolition of slavery were seen by blacks as the turning point in their lives. This is because they believed that the abolition of slavery and the end of the Civil War would mark the beginning of a new chapter in their life (Williams 68). However, the hopes that American Americans that racism would end did not materialize. In fact, reports indicate that the end of Civil War and slavery only ushered in the beginning of a new form of racism. Since then, the social and racial identity of African Americans has been constantly and systematically under attack because of their blackness as will be demonstrated in this document. Sociologists argue that the social identity of an individual has a direct link to racial and cultural identity, which gives the individual a sense of purpose in life (Bobo and Fox 321). It is not uncommon to find people of different races across the globe enjoy being associated with their races. For instance, the Greeks, Swedes, Italians, Spaniards, French and Germans have recognizable cultures that are directly linked to their racial and social identities. In fact, they cherish and embrace the identities wherever they go. Some of the cultural identities they are linked to include food, religion, and all manner of good things. In fact, in most cases, their cultural practices are portrayed on a positive note. However, a very different story is usually told when it comes to people of color, African Americans, in particular. In this regard, societies where racism is highly prevalent such as the United States tend to associate African Americans with negative things. African Americans ar e portrayed as if they are non-Americans merely because of the color of their skin. Bobo and Fox observe that in a

Choose an international business that interest you. Identify Essay

Choose an international business that interest you. Identify challenges in its business environment that are of current strategi - Essay Example Therefore it becomes imperative for an organization to carry out some research works prior to starting any business operation. Most of the organizations around the world depend heavily upon the market research and environmental analysis to develop preventive measures for themselves. For a growing business there are even more challenges compared to a business that has already been established. As the business unit starts to grow, along with the opportunities, various challenges also come up and then it needs a range of solutions. However solution that worked in one situation might not be suitable during another situation due to changing business environment (Infoentrepreneurs, n.d.). In addition to facing the challenges of the present day business, it has become imperative to achieve incessant developments of the organizational competencies, expertise, skills and capabilities of the employees (Sarlak, 2010, p.38). In this context of the study, the organization chosen to depict the bus iness challenges and to suggest a possible solution for the company is Aston Martin. The primary rationale behind choosing the organization is that, there have been numerous reports which illuminates that Aston Martin is faced with different types of business challenges. Thus in order to get deeper insights of the issues as well as to offer solutions to it, the study has been carried out. It will highlight the marketing and promotional strategies of Aston Martin and thereafter in-depth analysis of the internal and external environment of the company will be carried out. The next segment will identify the challenges faced by the company and possible solutions will be suggested. Finally the report will conclude highlighting the key findings and important points of the study. Nevertheless before getting into deep a brief introduction of the chosen company is presented below. Aston Martin: A Brief Overview Aston Martin Lagonda Limited or what we usually call Aston Martin is the designer , manufacturer and marketers of deluxe sports car. The company was founded in the year 1913 by Lionel Martin and Robert Bamford (Pigott, 2005, p.134). It is presently headquartered at Gaydon, Warwickshire, United Kingdom. From the year 1994 to the year 2007, the company operated as a subordinate of the Ford Motor Company. The company specialized in manufacturing sports cars. As of 2010 the company had employee strength of around 1250. Also according to the reports the revenue of the company of 2010 was ?474.3 million. The major competitors of Aston Martin include SRT Viper, McLaren Nissan, Ferrari and Bugatti among the others. Aston Martin primarily targets the higher income group or elite group of customers. Likewise the company positions itself as a company that is offering value to the customers since long with unmatchable luxury and performance. The company has faced a number of issues and challenges from the time of its inception. However every time the company has successfully overcame the challenges. Challenges and resistances never depart away permanently and therefore at every point of time the company has to deal with the challenging business situations. The next half of the report will shed light on the marketing mix and the promotional techniques used by the company to carry out the operation

Smoking cigarettes is deadly Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Smoking cigarettes is deadly - Essay Example Over half of all long-term smokers eventually die of a smoking-related disease. Smoking affects many parts of the body; both internally, e.g. increased risk of infertility, impotence and reduced sperm count, and externally, e.g. dry skin, smelly breath and stained teeth. In the short-term, smokers are prone to suffer from a shortness of breath as less oxygen gets transported to the lungs. Long-term, there is increased risk of respiratory problems, e.g. chronic bronchitis, emphysema and chronic asthma. Smokers also have lower level of antioxidants in the blood to repair damaged cells than non-smokers. This makes them less immune to viruses, which weaken their natural defences. The Surgeon General Report (2010) also highlights that thousands of non-smokers die each year from heart disease, lung cancer and respiratory infections due to breathing in second hand smoke. The scientific link between health risks and second hand smoke is now so strong that a number of countries including the UK have banned all forms of smoking in public places such as restaurants and cinemas. I now wish to turn my attention to 2 of the most well known harmful effects of smoking. Firstly, 85% of lung cancer cases are caused by smoking and Martin (2005) states that it’s the leading cause of cancer death amongst smokers.

Situation Analysis of the Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Situation Analysis of the Case Study - Essay Example Knowledge management is a huge matter that needs to be given proper consideration by the many organizations formed in the modern industries of global commerce at present. It could not be denied that with the effective application of efficient KM systems in particular organizations, the systems of operations of the organization are well defined as well. This is the reason why for QES/PL which is a leading provider of engineering services to mining organizations aiming to provide larger scopes of services to other markets such as that of electrical portals. This particular advancement in the industry would practically require a massive advancement on the communication and information control system that is adapted by the organization at present. This is the reason why in this documentation, a proper sense of information control system or KM approach that could be used by QES is to be presented for basis and understanding foundation on the part of the company in consideration. In a directed presentation, this documentation aims to open up the chance for each particular stakeholder of the organization to have their values be well served and assisted by the organization as much as needed. QES/PL is ... In a directed presentation, this documentation aims to open up the chance for each particular stakeholder of the organization to have their values be well served and assisted by the organization as much as needed. Table of Contents Introduction 5 Analysis 6 (Bracket 1) Problem Statement (a) Traps (b) Role Specifications 6 6 6 (Bracket 2) Culture 8 (Bracket 3) Power 10 Discussion (a) Change Management Application (b) Application of Adjustments (c) Practical Implications 11 11 13 14 Conclusion 14 Rich Picture 16 References 17 1. Introduction QES/PL is noted as a successful provider of service to mining companies with regards their engineering process suggestions as to how the organizations are better their operations through the use of modern technological solutions. However, like other organizations in the field of modern industries, QES also aims to further improve the organizational operations towards a larger market scope (Nielsen, 2007). However, with the huge contingency of employees that the company is already trying to manage today, being able to establish another set of service for a particular new market would mean a larger scope of system control especially in connection with the knowledge and informational data that is kept and re-used by the company for future projects. This system of knowledge management calls for a more systematic approach that would be much able to accommodate the growing number of people working for the organization coming from the different areas of the world, the growing number of clients who are served by the company and the projects that they open up for the organization to develop with. In this regard, this documentation serves as a response to the said need thus providing the organization with the aid

Professional associations influence on HR practitioner Essay

Professional associations influence on HR practitioner - Essay Example uch, the human resource team employed by a company or an organization should be efficient and attentive to the rights, privileges, as well as the personal needs of the workers of the organization in order to foster a good working environment at the company to promote productivity and efficiency within the operations of the company (Bogardus, 2009). Aside from the skills acquired through learning and professional experience, HR officials should always be on the lookout for new skills, talents and expertise that comes about from leading professional associations and journals within the market. These assist the HR practitioners from getting up-to-date information on the performance of their tasks and duties as HR Managers, thereby being efficient and effective in their practice. Some of the leading professional associations in Human Resources that influence the practice and trade of a HR Practitioner in Australia include the Australian Human Resource Institute, the HR Monthly, and similar publications from consultancy firms (Bondarouk & Olivas-Lujan, 2013). The Australian Human Resource Institute is a professional association of Human Resources professionals who study, review and make recommendations on the current needs and demands of a HR practitioner in the Australian Human resource market. As such, a HR practitioner gains abundantly from reading the findings and reports published by this institute, as these reports touch on the sensitive issues of their professional practice that enable them improve and enhance their professional practice. For instance, the latest publication of the Australian Human Resource Institute provided a methodology of how to undertake appropriate HR Strategies and Planning within the organization in order to promote efficiency and productivity within the company (Cheung-Judge & Holbeche, 2015). HR strategies incorporate an effective assessment of all the HR needs and demands of an organization, and as such, getting the right personnel

The Action of President Johnson Essay Example for Free

The Action of President Johnson Essay â€Å"The Action of President Johnson were far more important to the Civil Rights Movement than that of President Kennedy in the years 1960 to 1965† Explain what you agree or disagree with in this view. (24) President Kennedy was slow to help blacks during his short time in power during 1961 to 1963. Due to him having a close electoral victory he was hesitant to help blacks as he would become less popular amongst the whites, although he had a lot of power to do so anyway. Civil Rights legislation simply was not part of Kennedys agenda, he did use the power of the executive to back up Brown v. Board of education, but he supported no legislation to enforce or extend Civil Rights. However Kennedy had been so shocked by the number of blacks employed that he put pressure on the civil service to employ blacks. Even Kennedy himself promoted 40 blacks to top positions within the White House. However down south the situation was harder to change and Kennedy had to balance morality and practicality as he didn’t want to lose white southern voters. He’d been most helpful with his symbolic gestures by inviting more blacks than any other previous President. His group the EEOC also didn’t have much impact amongst the blacks but left a lasting impact by reminding employers of their obligations. In President Kennedys last attempts of the Civil Rights Bill to help black workers and blacks to use their vote; however the bill got stuck in congress. Johnson did not deviate from the Kennedy agenda significantly while serving the remainder of Kennedys term, but after getting elected in his own right vigorously pursued Civil Rights legislation, and got most of his Civil Rights legislation enacted into law before the new Congress had gotten their chairs warm. It only passed congress once President Johnson who came into power after Kennedy’s assassination continued to try and push the bill through although told it would affect the 1964 presidential election; Johnson insisted that discrimination was wrong. He’d had a vision of the ‘Great Society’, with an end to poverty and racial injustice. In conclusion Kennedy could be seen as someone who calculated his approach to racial problems, only helping blacks when forced to do so. The Civil Rights Bill which had been handed to congress by Kennedy was an important step to the civil Rights movement and although it was passed during Johnsons power it’s unsure if it was due to the sadness over Kennedys assassination, because of Kennedys efforts with the congressmen, or because of President Johnson.

Types of Psychologists, Therapists and Counsellors

Types of Psychologists, Therapists and Counsellors Psychologists, counselors, social workers, and psychiatrists all work to help people—what is the difference between these professions? Psychologist: An attending health professional attentive with the scientific inquiry of behavior and its associated mental development, along with memory, rational and irrational thought, intelligence, learning, personality, perceptions and emotions and their relationship to behavior. Psychologists work scientifically, to examine how people act and to consider what motivates them to react that way. To eventually be a psychologist significant to achieve a certificate/license by earning a master’s or doctorate degree. There is not only one precise classification of a psychologist, there are quite a few classifications, and for each one of the following subsections additional schooling is necessary: Clinical Psychologist: is both a general practice and a health service provider specialty in professional psychology. Clinical Psychologists provide professional services for the diagnosis, assessment, evaluation, treatment and prevention of psychological, emotional, psychophysiological and behavioral disorders. To emerge as an accredited clinical psychologist it is necessary to obtain an undergraduate degree (4 5 years of college) and a doctorate degree in psychology (4 -7 years of college). Counselling psychologist: is the applied branch of psychology that facilitates lifelong personal and interpersonal functioning, focusing on emotional, social, vocational, educational, developmental issues and concerns related to health. Its central focus is on ordinary and normal developmental issues but also in dysfunctional and unusual problems related to the individual, the family, the group or the organizational human experience. Being a certified counselling psychologist you first have to acquire a bachelor’s degree in psychology. Next a master’s is needed to be achieved. Lastly it is required to seize a doctorate. As a whole it is 8-10 years of college. Educational psychologist: is psychology that is concentrated upon individuals’ advancement, academy scholarship, instruction approach, leadership, and evaluation of aptitude and progress by standardized tests. ( © 2014 Merriam-Webster, Incorporated). To eventually be an educational psychologist a bachelor’s degree, a master’s in educational psychology and a doctorate in educational psychology is needed. Forensic psychologist: is the psychological evaluation of human beings who are involved, in any way, with the judicial organization ( © 2014 American Psychological Association). It is a must to earn a degree in psychology. As stated above it’s a bachelor’s, master’s, and doctorate degrees. You have to train in forensic course and take the exams. It is also recommended that you have a minor in law. Many psychologist acquire a doctorate of the pair, law and psychology. As a result of this being a reasonably new field it is suggested that the forensic psychologist pursue their education throughout their careers. Health psychologist: â€Å"help patients manage chronic disease and avoid preventable diseases† by â€Å"incorporating psychological theory and research to develop methods to assist patients in maintaining healthy lifestyles.† (Brandi-Ann Uyemura, 2011). A graduate, bachelors and doctorate in psychology are mandatory. A great number of states mandate those who want to clinically practice to complete one year of supervised internship. Occupational psychologist: the study of human performance at work, as well as ergonomics, selection procedures, and the trappings of stress. You are mandated to require a master’s degree in psychology, a degree in business management, organizational psychology, mediation, and employment law. You must also have work experience. It is required to have 2 to 3 working internships. Then after all educational requirements a met you must take an oral state given by the state board. California is the only state that is no longer required to take the exam to become licensed. Counselors: A qualified man or woman that consults people as their career. An associate’s degree in psychology will get you a counseling certificate. If you decide to specialize in like family, marriage, crisis or any specific counseling field you would have to obtain your masters or even your doctorate depending on what field you choose to go into. Social Workers: are qualified men or women that help others from very young to very old during hard times in their lives and keep them from harm. Each state has their own set of rules for becoming a social worker. I live in Texas so I selected to research that criteria. You are required to obtain a bachelor’s degree in social work. It has to be from a school that is CSWE- accredited social work program. When you are in your last semester you need to apply to the Texas Board to take the Association of Social Work Boards Licensing examination. It is also required to have a criminal history check. After graduation you are eligi ble to be licensed as a licensed Baccalaureate Social Worker. You may then obtain a job in your intended area of practice. You have to state your intended job description to the Texas Board. Then it is required to work under approved supervision until 3,000 hours of experience is accumulated. Depending on your intended field you may have to obtain a masters. After all education and hours are complete you then take a required examination, either the generalist examination or the clinical examination. Psychiatrists: is a medical doctor that specializes in the treatment of mental disorders. First get a bachelor’s degree. You do not have to specifically major in psychology but whatever you choose to major in it is recommended that you take physics, chemistry, and biology. This is to get you ready for medical school admissions. It is recommended that you volunteer at one of your local health centers or hospitals to demonstrate a type of leadership skill while gaining experience working with patients. This helps with your application to medical school. You must complete a four year medical school. That is 2 years of class room and laboratory instruction and 2 years of supervised clinical experience. After medical school you must go through 4 years of residency. That is a post-doctoral training. The APA states that psychiatrist must be state licensed physicians. This is done by passing the Medical Licensing Examination. Each state has a set of procedures to go by. Psychiatrist s hould continue education during their careers in order to stay up to date with the industry trend and theories. Continuing Education is required for renewing Board Certification and may also be required to renew licensure. Based on what I have learned in this study no I do not wish to go into any part of this field study. Though I respect it great, I do not wish to go that many years of schooling, I do not wish to be around that many people in the world. I have been around the psychology world most of my life. I have observed it, and I have experienced it. I’ve been to social workers, psychologist, counselors, I have taken my dad, my son, and now myself to a psychiatrist. I’m a good listener, I can be around people one on one. Even maybe four if I know the people. This would not be a good field for me to be in. I believe psychology could help me to be able to control my anxiety around people. I want to become an account and eventually own my own business. I want a successful business. With the help of my psychiatrist and therapy I know upon completion of this degree I will be able to obtain a job in my field of study. I will reach my goal of becoming a CPA and I will one day open an offic e of my very own. My thoughts on the relative influence of â€Å"nature† and â€Å"nurture† is that it varies from person to person. You get traits passed down to you from your parents, grandparent, and past generation. Such as eye color, hair color, facial features, your height and more of your bodily features. I don’t believe that we get who we are from our parents or any family member, I believe a person becomes who they are meant to be because of the experiences they go through in their life. My grandfather was an alcoholic he was also a heavy smoker, all of his children’s lives, all of my childhood, until he took his own life. Out of five of his children two of them became alcoholics, the other three became smokers. I do not believe alcoholism is hereditary or even smoking, I do believe the addictive gene is hereditary. It goes on to my mom and dad were both heavy smokers, they had six kids, two of them became smokers (identical twins), one became a snuff dipper. The other nothing. I can’t say we never tried anything, but we have never been addicted to anything or gone back to anything thing, tried it and left it. The twins all though they are identical could not be more different personality wise. Robert is more of an outgoing person while Timothy is a stay at home kind of person. They both work, but other than that Timothy is very shy and only goes home and plays on his computer. While Robert also plays on his computer he will get out and about too. Robert is more inclined to go to a concert, or party; you wouldn’t find Timothy there. Not unless Robert absolutely just drags Timothy to a function will he go. Robert was able to quit smoking all on his own, Timothy cannot, absolutely refuses to lay the cigarettes down. Though I us to be as close to them as peanut butter is to jelly, I now to not get to see them that much. I’m sure if I was around them more I could find even more differences in them. Who knows I might even find more likenesses in them then I think. Works Cited: Psychologist. (2000). In The Royal Society Of Medicine Health Encyclopedia. Retrieved from http://ezproxy.snhu.edu/login?qurl=http%3A%2F%2Fsearch.credoreference.com.ezproxy.snhu.edu%2Fcontent%2Fentry%2Frsmhealth%2Fpsychologist%2F0 Psychologist (2009). (5th edition ed.). Richmond: Crimson Business Ltd. Retrieved from http://ezproxy.snhu.edu/login?url=http://search.proquest.com/docview/189241386?accountid=3783  © 2014 Merriam-Webster, Incorporated, online  © 2014 American Psychological Association, Jane Tyler Ward, PhD. Retrieved from http://www.apa.org/ed/precollege/psn/2013/09/forensic-psychology.aspx  © Copyright 2003- 2014 Education Portal. All other trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners. All rights reserved. Retrieved from http://education-portal.com/articles/Forensic_Psychologist_Education_Requirements_and_Career_Information.html Uyemura, B. (2011). An Overview of Health Psychology. Psych Central. Retrieved on October 27, 2014, from http://psychcentral.com/lib/an-overview-of-health-psychology/0007535

How Youtube And Facebook Earned Their Success Media Essay

How Youtube And Facebook Earned Their Success Media Essay The objective of this report is to investigate how and why Youtube, Facebook and Twitter earned their success. Students are exposed to the method of proper report writing and spruce team work among group members. This report examines the three social media (Youtube, Facebook and Twitter) as they are currently the most popular networking sites on the internet. Most of our resources originate from online articles (ie: BBC, Readers Digest, TIMES) and assemblage of brainstorming sessions. We also made an online survey to analyze the public opinions. Since it was founded in February 2005 by three former PayPal employees,[1] Youtube has grown and become the most popular video sharing website on the internet which serve as a consumer media website that allows its users from around the world to watch, upload and share videos on the net. After being bought by Google Inc. for $1.65 billion in November 2006[2], Youtube has since achieved 100 million videos views each day and more than 65,000 new videos uploads per day and is ranked as the third most popular website just behind Google and Facebook.[3] [4] Youtube uses Adobe Flash Video technology and format to display various user-generated video content which includes movie clips, TV clips, music videos, amateur content as well as materials from partnership program with media corporations such as CBS, the BBC and UMG. Youtube generates its revenue mainly from advertisements displayed on the search pages and in the videos themselves. [5] Youtubes great achievement is largely down to three criteria and the three main features it offers to users which are watch, upload and share. With limited choice available for users to post and search videos with such ease, Youtube immediately become the popular choice among internet users. Online video existed long before Youtube, however Youtube excels unlike its pre-successors because it offers the much wanted platform that makes uploading, watching and sharing videos effortlessly. Youtube has managed to overcome the problems of earlier generation video sharing sites such as limited bandwidth, insufficient materials and inability to share. Besides that, Youtube has gone further by providing some extra enhanced features such as video-tagging, rating, commenting and also embedding of videos. With its great traffic flow, Youtube is able to attract big clients to advertise on their products and services on Youtube site. It is reported that Youtubes revenue reached US$200 million in year 2008. [6] This is considered as a large amount since it does not charge any member fees and only focus on advertisement incomes. Facebook Facebook is a famous free social networking website that allows registered users to create their own profiles, upload photos and video, and send messages with friends, family and colleagues. The Facebook has modernized keeping in touch all over the world. Friends and family members can now connect with each other in a network and share personal stuff such as message, video, games and plan events together. Facebook isnt just for teens and young adults. It is a wonderful and practical way for people of all ages to keep in touch on a regular basis. According to survey the largest audience in Facebook is currently the adult over forties. In addition, Facebook is now available in more than 100 different languages [7] By using Facebooks innovative Translations application, all phrases and words in Facebook are translated into several major language on earth such as Chinese, Franà §ais, Malay, Italiano, and etc[8]. Geography and language is no longer a boundary. Mark Zuckerberg, 23, founded Facebook while he was studying psychology at Harvard University. Majoring in computer programming, Mr Zuckerberg developed a number of social-networking websites for fellow students before his sensation with Facebook. He later drops out from Harvard and pursues his dream of making the worlds largest internet social network website. Currently, the social networking site currently has over 400 million active users the site remains free to join, and makes a profit through advertising proceeds. Yahoo and Google are among companies which have expressed interest in a buy-out, with huge figures of around $2bn ( £975m) being discussed. Mr Zuckerberg has so far refused to sell[9]. Mark Zuckerberg inspirational success story is made into a Hollywood movie call The Social Network which will debut in October 2010. It will feature actors such as Jesse Eisenberg, Rashida Jones and Justin Timberlake. Twitter Twitter is built around one simple question what are you doing? [10] Since its creation in 2006, Twitter has gained notability and popularity worldwide because of its simplicity. It is sometimes described as SMS of the Internet since each tweets is limited to 140 character which is the standard length for handphone text. [11] When Twitter co-founders Stone, Jack Dorsey and Evan Williams began working on their new Web idea, Dorsey suggested a site that emulated the status feature of instant-messaging services, which lets people know whether youre online. Tweets are  displayed on the authors profile page and delivered to the authors subscribers who are known as  followers. Senders can restrict delivery to those in their circle of friends or, by default, allow open access. Twitter is accessible through web and Smartphones. Public figures such as Dalai Lama, Barrack Obama, Ashton Kutcher and Kim Kardashian had sanctioned the popularity of this service. Twitters rapid growth made it the object of intense interest and a fair amount of ridicule, as it was derided as high-tech trivia or the latest in time-wasting devices. [12] As Twitter grows, it will increasingly become a place where companies build brands, do research, send information to customers, conduct e-commerce and create communities for their users. [13] A Malaysian company, Churp-churp, took a step forward by innovating Twitter advertising. [14] However, Twitter in Malaysia is not as popular as Youtube and Facebook and its demographic in Malaysia is focused on young urbanites. Methodology 18  respondents were surveyed from 26th March 2010 to 5th April 2010 via a statistic website, http://www.surveymonkey.com/. The statistics were analyzed. Graphs and charts were drawn. We interviewed few individuals on 1st April 2010 regarding their personal opinion and experience using these social networking sites. The outcome from both procedures is significant in helping us to understand how YouTube, Facebook and Twitter captivate millions of internet users. Furthermore, we researched articles from reliable source on the internet from TIME, BBC, New York Times and The Star. Discussions In general, our findings indicated that all three social media are preferred for their user-friendliness. Youtubes instant success lies mainly in the rich media it contains. Users can search for the videos they desire easily and instantly. Searching for a video in Youtube is never easier, once the keywords have been typed in, a list of videos related would appear. Also, related contents or videos posted by the same uploader would also appear in a list for ease of use when viewers are watching a video in Youtube. This is extremely helpful when one is watching a series of videos, because he does not need to search again for the subsequent episode, all he has to do is just look inside the list and click at the video he wants to play. Besides that, Youtube has also generated a list of favourite and most-viewed videos for users who have no idea on what to watch. One can slowly browse through this list and look for which video he is interested in. Most of the Youtube clips do not exceed 10 minutes; hence it makes a great choice for someone who has few minutes to kill. In order to view videos on Youtube, the Adobe Flash Player plug-in is required to be installed on the browser. As the Adobe Flash Player is one of the most common pieces of software installed on personal computers nowadays, viewing Youtube videos is by means not a problem for most of the users. Uploading is made easy by Youtube, even someone with minimal amount of computer knowledge can make and post videos on Youtube. All that is needed is just a video recording device such as cell phone, camcorder or even webcam. Best of all, Youtube even provides instructions on how to upload a video in its site and one would only need to follow those steps and his videos would be available for viewing. This process is almost hassle-free as it accepts videos in most container formats, including .AVI, .MKI, .MOV, .MP4, DivX, .FLV, and .OGG. As so, users do not have to go through video format converting to upload their videos because Youtube supports most of the video codecs such as MPEG, MPEG-4, and WMV. You tube made video improvements which allow viewers to view videos in high definition and widescreen modes, features that is proved crucial especially when ones priority is high quality and movie-like experience. YouTube originally offered videos at one quality level which is at resolution of 320240 pixels using H.263 Sorenson Spark codec, with mono MP3 audiobut that has now changed. Youtube videos are now available in a range of quality levels, with the higher quality levels offering better and improved picture definition. 720p HD support was added and also, the Youtube player was changed from 4:3 aspect ratio to widescreen 16:9 in November 2008. 1080p HD support followed in November 2009. These improvements allow viewers to view videos in high definition and widescreen modes, features that are proved crucial especially when ones priority is high quality and movie-like experience. With Youtube, anybody could be a director or star because anybody can shoot their own videos and post it up Youtube. Since its creation, Youtube has since helped discover unknown singers because of the wide exposure of its videos. Someone who is virtually unknown could become the next hit with the aid of Youtube. Stars like Whitney Raenan, Jess Loren, Melanie Ungar and Christina Peoples were mere ordinary people before they decided to post their singings onto Youtube, a move which propels them to stardom. In an indirect way, Youtube provided a platform and opportunities for these soon to be stars to showcase their talents and if the world recognises their talents, a professional contract would surely follow suit. Picture 1: From right to left Youtube sensations. Justin Bieber with his mentor Usher; Pop singer Marie Digby; Nickolodeon featured humorist Fred Figglehorn. The introduction of Youtube Mobile allows users to access Youtube videos using mobile phones, however not all videos are available on the mobile version of the site. And last but not least, Youtube is free to use, users can simply visit Youtube and start viewing its videos and an account is not necessary for viewing videos. In the U.S., Facebook has the second highest number of unique visitors per month, surpassing Yahoo for the first time in January 2010. It was reported that of all time spent online in January, 11.6% was on Facebook, compared to less than 5% on Yahoo and Google each. The main factor that contributors to Facebook success are the experience was designed for college students, by college students. Thus, Facebook designs are based on college students needs and desires. College kids find the common ground to share their homework and interest. Besides that, Facebook represents a more persuasive local advertising opportunity as Facebook can guarantee deep penetration. Moreover, there are several features Facebook incorporated that made the service sticky. Here is the important experience as its simplicity. Registration to be Facebook user can be done in a few simple steps. It uses very intuitive and simple interface, uses text links for feature navigation, and the site is largely unobtrusive. This means that users are quite easy to adopt for its intended audience. Due to its simplicity, it doesnt require more time to finish loading in browser. The efficiency and fast respond of Facebook enable users who rush in time to check important mails or message in Facebook. Furthermore, attractive games and quizzes become another success factor of Facebook. Facebook offers huge number of games and quizzes for users to play. They dont require any installation or time to download; just a simple click would allow users to play game with their friends instantly. It is easy to setup a Facebook profile. Fill in your email address, add in your details and within moments people that had crossed path with you are willing add you as their friends. There is a privacy option if you want to decide on who you decide to block from seeing (ie: your boss). Sharing is caring. With Facebook this proverbial has never been truer. Besides that you may poke, throw sheep, comment, scrabble and poker with your friends. There are various fan page or groups that acts like a forum to choose from. It can be a useful tool or a complete waste of time. Either way Facebook is having a dramatic impact on the World Wide Web. According to the young and geeky founder, Mark Zuckerberg, Facebook is the answer for our need to stay in touch, discover lost friends and maintain acquaintance. This mogul extraordinaire had rejected a 1 billion offer from Yahoo and on October 24 2007 Microsoft announced that it had purchased a 1.6% share of Facebook for $240 million, giving Facebook a total implied value of around $15 billion Picture 2: Mark Zuckerberg is one of the worlds billionaire under 25. Then, Twitter changed the landscape of social networking once again by making the whole system more public. No longer would you have to wait for a pesky friend request; you could follow and message anyone you wanted through the new medium. Twitter not only exists just for friends to tell friends that theyre on their way to the office or out to dine. Its become a kind of hyper grapevine news resource a way of instant messaging your circle of friends about your interests. It is known as micro blogging. Celebrities also became a big part of this network. Most famously, Stephen Fry twittered whilst he was stuck in a lift, providing great enjoyment to his followers and really helping to kick off Twitter in the UK. Picture 3: Stephen Fry helped popularize Twitter in UK with his misfortune being stucked in the elevator. Famous people who twitters: Lance Armstrong  Ã‚  Followers:  550,543 Al Gore  Ã‚  Followers:  523,035 Shaquille ONeal  Ã‚  Followers:  591,534 Barack Obama  Ã‚  Followers:  761,288 President of United States Arnold Schwarzenegger  Ã‚  Followers:  40,278 Actor turner Governor Martha Stewart  Ã‚  Followers:  329,723 Twitter has become so popular and addictive, so fast, that keeping up with its fast-growing user base is a real issue. The secret of Twitters success is realizing that folks dont want to use the Web for private conversations but public ones. Nearly 90% of Twitter users make their updates public, so everyone can read. The service is even credited with breaking news about fires and other natural disasters. It even saves lives. Demi Moore once alerted the local police force regarding a tweet by one of her followers who resolute for a suicide. This incident is stopped. As Twitter users know you can only say it in 140 characters or less. Twitter combines use of the Web, IMs and text messaging which makes in desirable in Smartphones application. Results of statistical Analysis Figure 1: Bar chart for the age group of survey participants. The survey that we conducted focused on the age group of 19-24. However it is reported that the fastest growing segment of social networking sites are the adults above 40 years of age. Figure 2: Pie chart for the gender of survey participants in percentage. 56% of our survey participants are female. Figure 3: Bar chart for accounts information of survey participants. Most people are on Facebook compared to Twitter and YouTube. Figure 4: Stacked bar char on hours that survey participants spent on social networking sites on a daily basis. YouTube and Twitter users spend less time compared to Facebook in their daily life. Perhaps Facebook is the most addictive site. Figure 5: Bar chart on material that are searched for in YouTube in percentage. AutoVehicles, Entertainment and Music are the lead search in YouTube. Figure 6: Pie chart on percentage of survey participants who agree that YouTube eases copyright infringement. Most people agree that YouTube is subject to copyright infringement. Measures must be taken to fight this. Figure 7: Stacked bar chart on frequency of Facebook activity in percentage. Profile viewing and passing time is the most famous activity in Facebook. Our participants note that they rarely chat or play games. Figure 8: Stacked bar chart that shows the criteria that is considered when adding friends in percentage. People are most likely to add their acquaintance in social networking sites. Figure 9: Doughnut chart on future predictions for social networking sites. Social networking sites are predicted to grow in the years to come. The advantages/disadvantages of social networking sites Advantage: meet new friends more friends content are inappropriate keep in touch with friends Keep in touch with long lost friends get to know people Disadvantage: some content are inappropriate a bad things happen will spread very fast Limitless access to information, whatever it might be, good or bad Rumors and gossip spread faster. Lies occur more less privacy waste time Subject to abuse by sex offenders Conclusions The main conclusion that can be drawn is therefore that social networking sites will flourish in the years to come. Microsoft was the boom in the nineties, followed by the Google domination over the last decade and now we will see the Facebook climb. One or other forms of internet revolution will take place. With social-networks like Facebook and Twitter blooming to popularity recently, it is no surprise to find out that Youtube is among the ones to enjoy the benefits of their success. This is because Youtube allows users to share its videos on these sites and by so YouTube grows in line with them. With the sharing feature, users are able to share their videos with their friends in these social networks. They could also let their friends know what is on their minds at the moment by sharing the songs or movies they like. Social networking sites could also serve as a place to gain popularity and spread news. When one has a proper message to deliver to the world, he can just take a video of it and post it up Youtube and the message would soon spread. For example, the Free Hugs campaign which initially started out in Sydney by Juan Mann but with the help of Youtube, it has now grown and expanded to various places around the world such as Taiwan, Israel, Italy and more. With a mass audience, it is no wonder a simple message could spread so fast. This could be put to good use if one is in need of urgent assistant such as in health and medical purposes. The social network site is first and foremost a site for socializing and sharing the trivia of life as we live it. But it is becoming a valuable networking tool for linking people with the same interests together in a relaxed manner. In summary, there is a lot of fun to be had on Youtube, Facebook and Twitter, as long as you are not abusing it. Recommendations In the light of these conclusions, we recommend that social networking should be monitored from abuse. There are defamation cases against user who misuse the facilities of these sites around the world. Certain shout outs may stir unwanted reaction. Drawing example from our local court case, Mohamad Tasyrif Tajudin, 25, was charged in the Sessions Court here over a post he made on social media network Facebook in relation to arsonist attacks on churches. The offence comes under Section 233(1)(a) of the Communications and Multimedia Act 1998 (Act 586) which can be charged under Section 233(3) of the same Act for making a threat with the intention of causing public unrest. Section 233 covers the improper use of network facilities or services. [15] In addition, advertising is an undeniable source of income for these sites but it could kill the joy of surfing. While there may be commercial value for using social networking sites to be in touch with others, the danger is that the net community could turn against a marketer viewed as being too crass by being relentlessly self-promoting. There are concerns on age limiting the users of these accounts. Parents should be more proactive in monitoring their children net activity. Although certain sites have put a ban against certain age limit, it is not a foolproof method since everybody cheats information on the internet. Inappropriate content may risk opening a window for pedophilia Students should control the time wasting unproductive addictive games. Some companies and schools had banned the access of these websites. Uploading content in these sites also creates business opportunities for budding companies or entrepreneurs as these serve as free advertising tool for the products or services offered. Also, by putting up a promoting video in Youtube, you actually place your brand in front of millions of viewers and potential customers. There are blogshops which regularly update and tag their dresses collection in Facebook. Socialization between the uploader and his viewers may improve the brand as the uploader could use the suggestions and feedbacks to help and. Youtube also provides the rating and comment features that lets viewers to rate videos and share their thoughts on that particular video. Instead of chatting with friends on a one-to-one basis, Facebook may equip with web conferencing feature which enables more than 2 users to chat together in the same time. Web conferencing is a method for people to communicate from their computers without any travel necessary. Facebook users could create conference room, invite their friends and communicate with all of their friends in a same time. Another feature Facebook can add in is the photo-edit feature. Every day, thousands or even millions of photos are uploaded with friends being tagged. To increase involvement of users, a photo editing application might prove to be useful. With the help of auto-size feature, users could upload any kind of photos regardless size and formats to Facebook. Users need not to install any photo-edit software in their computer in order to edit the photos with red-eye effect, blurring, and sensitive parts and so on. With the built in photo-edit application in Facebook, users may upload their perfect photos in an easy way. Appendices Appendix 1: Sample Survey Form 1. What is your age group? ___-below 19 ___-19-24 ___-above 24 2. What is your gender ___-M ___-F 3. Which of these social networking sites do you own? (you may choose more than one) ___-Facebook ___-Youtube ___-Twitter ___-None of the above (Why?) You may proceed to question 9. 4. How many hours do you spend on average everyday on (ignore the site that you dont own) 1-2 hours 2-3 hours 3-4 hours 4 hours >> Youtube Facebook Twitter 5. What materials do you search for on Youtube ? (May tick more than 1) ___-Comedy ___-Education ___-Entertainment ___-Film Animation ___-Gaming ___-Howto Style ___-Music ___-News Politics ___-Nonprofits Activism ___-People Blogs ___-Pets Animals ___-Science Technology ___-Sports ___-Travel Events ___-Shows ___-Movies ___-Contests ___-Events ___-Other (please specify) 6. Do you think Youtube makes it easier for violation of copyrights infringement? ___-Yes ___-No 7. How frequent do you access your Facebook to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Never Rarely Sometimes Often Always View profiles Update status Chat Pass time Play games Add friends 8. When accepting new friends in Facebook/Twitter, what criteria do you consider? Most Unlikely Unlikely Fair Likely Most Likely Gender Common Interest Common Games Acquaintance Common friends Looks 9. What is your prediction for these social networking sites ___-it will continue to grow in the future ___-it will be out of trend soon ___-others (please specify) 10. What are the advantage/disadvantage of social networking site?

Computers and Homeland Security Unite Essay -- Technology Department o

Computers and Homeland Security Unite Homeland security was created by the Bush administration in 2001 as a result of the September 11th events. It is an independent agency in the United States whose mission is to protect the nation from potential terrorist attacks. Together the agency is made up of twenty two agencies and 180,000 employees. Their main focus is â€Å"intelligence and warning; boarder and transportation security; domestic counterterrorism; protecting critical infrastructure; defending against catastrophic threats; and emergency preparedness and response† (Whitehouse 1). The agency could not carry out these important tasks if it were not for the latest in computer technology. â€Å"The Department of Homeland Security is connected to all fifty states† (Whitehouse 1), networking, and the shared information across the US makes it easier to keep everyone informed of the current events which allows them to work together more efficiently. It is their job to inform the American people if they are at risk for terrorism. The agency issues a current and up to date warning level sign for terrorism alerts. In 2003 the United States Homeland Security signed a contract with Microsoft making them the agencies â€Å"supplier of desktop computers and computer software† (gov exec 1). America will spend 90 million dollars to purchase the rights to 140,000 computers for the next five years to ensure that they keep America secure. As a result of the new system from Microsoft the agency was allowed to simplify their network because it is now all intergraded into one system that they did not have in the past. The agency uses computers to organize all the data they have collected by entering it into a computer database. They call the database... ...rrent information in their databases. Today America is continuously up dating and entering information into their databases because they hope to prevent further US destruction. With this new system of security implemented the nation is less likely to suffer another attack like September 11th 2001 because we will have enough time to prepare for potential terrorist attacks in the future with this new system implemented. Works Cited TeleType GPS Homeland Security US Coast Guard Press Release. February 19,2003. TeleType GPS, Http://www.teletype.com/pages/pgs/press/coast_guard_homeland_secuirty.html GovExec. July 15, 2003. National Journal Group INC. http://www.goveexec.com/story_page.cfm?articleeid Homeland Security Home page. July 20, 2005. The White House President George Bush. http://www.whitehouse.gov/infocus/homeland/

Analysis of Salman Rushdies Midnights Children Essay -- History Nati

Analysis of Salman Rushdie's Midnight's Children Salman Rushdie’s novel Midnight’s Children employs strategies which engage in an exploration of History, Nationalism and Hybridity. This essay will examine three passages from the novel which demonstrate these issues. Furthermore, it will explore why each passage is a good demonstration of these issues, how these issues apply to India in the novel, and how the novel critiques these concepts. The passage from pages 37-38 effectively demonstrates the concept of history, as it foregrounds elements important to this issue. Rushdie, challenges the conventional modes of history through his self reflective narrative structure. The passage is a good demonstration of its topic as it illustrates the problems of re-writing history. His mode of writing attempts to encourage the reader to reconsider the valid interpretation of his history. Saleem writes â€Å"please believe that I am falling apart† ,as he begins â€Å"to crack like an old jug†, illustrating a sense of fragmentation of his story. This parallels the narrative structure of the novel as being circular, discontinuous and digressive. This fragmentation appropriates the concept of history, which was developed by colonisers. History works for a particular class of ideology, and therefore it will be contaminated, oblique and subjective. The ‘fictionality’ of history is grounded in the simple assumption that life is shaped like a story. For Saleem, who is â€Å"buffeted by too much history†, it is his memory which creates his own history. â€Å"Memory, as well as fruit, is being saved from the corruption of the clocks†. This reflects back to concepts of time and place. Yet, for Rushdie, it is not based on the universal empty time that has been conceptualised by the colonisers. Notions of time and space are integrated into his own history. The novel critiques concepts of history by challenging traditional conventions. Rushdie uses unreliable events to subvert official notions of history. For example, in his description of the Amrister Massacre he describes the troops that fire on the crowd as being white, when they were not. He does this perhaps to illustrate how much history is based on interpretation and ideology. It also illustrates how fact (written down as history), fails to take into account different notions of space and time. For example, in the pas... ...s, his biological father is a departing colonist. The passage on page 211 clearly demonstrates Saleem’s hybrid identity. He relates hybridity to history by entailing the hetreogeneity of memory. â€Å"Memory’s truth because memory has its own special kind† . For Saleem, his memory provides a search for the truth, rather than many truths. Saleem links his hybrid history to ‘chutney’ which illustrates the sign of a mixed identity. â€Å"Green chutney on chilli-pakoras† , this imagery of chutney runs throughout the novel and assist Saleem’s story. He later, uses this image to sum up his hybridise culture, which parallels â€Å"the chutnification of history† and â€Å"pickling of time†. Rushdie comments on the colonised mimicking the coloniser. Two histories have emerged together, which is filled with contamination as mimicry becomes a problem as it disrupts the power. This reflects, what Rushdie calls like ‘chutney’, a mixture of history, and nationalism that become so dense and enmeshed that they transform to create a new culture. Rushdie effectively tackles issues of post-colonial studies of history, nationalism and hybridity, and Midnight’s Children illustrates and challenges these concepts.

God-forsaken areas Essay

What is your intended major? Discuss how your interest in the subject developed and describe any experience you have had in the field – such as volunteer work, internships and employment, participation in student organizations and activities – and what you have gained from your involvement I am an international student and I have been exposed to a variety of cultures. I am from Hong Kong but I came to study in the United States. My other dealings exposed me to other unique cultures. The US also has a diverse set of students which further gave me exposure to different cultural backgrounds. This exposure to unique cultures developed my interest in global studies. This is also one of the main reasons why I have chosen to pursue global studies as my intended major. Since I am an international student, I have realized that globalization is important as it would make the entire world seem like a single country. I believe globalization will benefit everyone. When I was rendering community service with the AGS, I realized that with globalization, we could reach out to more people in God-forsaken areas. Poor countries that do not have an abundant supply of necessary resources will have greater access to the international market. Poor countries in Africa and Asia can be aided by prosperous countries in other parts of the world. This is possible with globalization. Globalization would also help to improve relationships between countries and therefore improve the global economy. I want to study the effects of globalization as it has different social, industrial, economic, political, financial, as well as cultural implications. I believe those who oppose globalization are afraid of change. Much of the world is afraid of change but change is not always bad. Usually, it is for the better. Let us say, a poor African country is in need of food while another more prosperous European country is in need of raw materials. With free trade because of globalization, these two countries can open their markets to each other without having to pay additional taxes. This is better for their people. The African country can trade food for raw materials. In this kind of setting, there is mutual relationship between the two countries, thus, this is good globalization. Globalization would also lead to better flow of information and this is already manifested in the Internet, which is considered as a tool for globalization. The Internet creates a singular cyber world that is overflowing with information. I strongly believe that globalization will pave the way for the world to be more successful. I want to further understand the implications of globalization. Globalization may be good in my own view but there are still some things about it that I do not understand. Pursuing global studies will allow me to understand this in a brighter concept. It would also allow me to identify the negative effects of globalization. I know that globalization has negative sides since a lot since a lot of people are against it. I would like to possess the knowledge to help identify and even eliminate the negative effects of globalization. I believe I can greatly aid the society this way. Prompt #2: Tell us about a personal quality, talent, accomplishment, contribution or experience that is important to you. What about this quality or accomplishment makes you proud, and how does it relate to the person you are? As a student, I experiences some hard times because of several personal circumstances. But what I am very proud of is that I always made progress after such trying times. I was just 18 when I came to Los Angeles to study and because I had to make certain adjustments, particularly because the language used as a medium instruction was different since I am from Hong Kong. On my first semester, I received a D on my Economics class. I was not satisfied so I worked harder. I retook the subject the following semester and my hard work paid off as I received an A for my grade. All this I did because of careful planning. In my Anthropology class, I received a W mark as I was unable to religiously follow my schedule as I was diagnosed with kidney infection. I had to make regular visits to the doctor and the pain sometimes made me unable to attend class. Now that I am better, I plan to retake this subject in the winter. And with nothing else in my way, I can handle it to the best of my abilities and I am confident that I will get an excellent mark because I am determined. Also, even as I have experiences some hard times, I still maintain a very good GPA of 3. 75. I always tend to excel in my studies and even as I experience some trying times, I have always made an effort to recuperate. My undying resolve coupled with careful planning is an aspect that I believe contributes greatly to my success. I believe that this same aspect will allow me to be successful in any path that I take. When I fail a task, I always try again and I always do my best to achieve the best results. This has not failed me yet. Whenever, I put my mind to it, I always achieve great things. Of course, this does not only mean that one needs to be determined to be successful. One needs to carefully plan everything to pave the way for success. Planning is critical. It is important to develop this skill even as a student as one can surely make use of this very effective skill in his/her professional career. Planning allowed me to balance between my studies and my other dealings. Academics are important but one must remember that studying is not just about academics. I have always been involved in extra-curricular activities. This way, I can enjoy student life and not treat it as a burden like many students do. Also, one must carefully plan and develop study habits since this is important for a student. For me, this is important so that I will have enough time to attend to other matters aside from academics. I always try to sneak in some form of leisure like going out with friends or just relaxing. When faced with a problem, I analyze everything carefully in order that I could make an informed decision. Every decision that I make is an informed decision. This is the person that I am; I never let anything get out of hand through careful planning. And with my undying resolve, there is nothing that I could not accomplish.

Effect of Media Violence on Children Essay

1. Executive SummaryPurpose of the sight To identify the most desired groups of customers and the take aim states that send word trounce serve and thence re forges its grocerying practices to rank them. Particularly when reacting to free-enterprise(a) moves everyplace time. Considering the increasingly free-enterprise(a) sell environment described in the contention moves, these methods be adequate. Major findings This reading helped us to establish that merchandizing has potential to increase nightly sales agreement to a greater extent than 30%. The font of a consumer is buying demeanor we gear up that merchandizing is fully capable change the unprompted buying decision of the customer and it bias to increase the aw beness related to the product. Further, we go under up that merchandizing is helpful tool to augment the customer portfolio.Conclusions The study concluded that merchandizing is a device to enhance the accessibility, Small to the Left, and bombastic to the Right, At Eye and Hand Level. Merchandizing is perceive as trade channel on the early(a) very strong impart like television, and other Medias. Merchandising is service of process merchants to finally understand and influence consumer behavior by blending learning-establish insights ab bulge price, packaging and assortment with the artful tastes of experienced merchants that give always be necessary. Recommendations Generally, there are three ways to present product. You whoremaster * Shelve it on a table, plat spend a penny, riser, neutering or wall shelf. * Hang it on a wall bracket, peg hook, hangar, and add-in or floor fixture. * Combine shelving and pause in a multiple presentation. * To be assembleive, scar-presented merchandise must relate in a logical way, much(prenominal) as Coordinating items that would be employ together, much(prenominal) as alimentary paste, sauces pasta cookware and pasta cookbooks * Items that are colour coordinated* A range of products that take outer customers choice at heart a particular category such as cappuccino or espresso coffee-makers and plain or patterned dinnerware that can be combine and matched * Products that offer themed ideas such as thwart gifts, stocking stuffers or a fondue story. mishandle- selling pays off best when located in inflorescence real estate areas such as * Strike z whizzs along aisles and on end-caps * central points -near service areas such as change desks or fitting rooms2 line Definition3.1 Background of the ProblemThe era of product-centric retail management is freehanded way to one in which food market leaders apply a more strategic, more targeted, more localized lift to communicating a value marriage proposal to their customers. Top-per material bodying retail merchants, realizing they cannot be everything to everybody, are now winning a more consumer-centric approach to merchandising, creating free-enterprise(a) advantages and differentiating thems elves in the highly competitive retail industry. Consumer-Centric Merchandising is a way of be after and executing pricing, advance, assortment and other plans, set by a deep agreement of customers, consumer entreat, and the competitive marketplace vying for attention and purse share.Consumer-Centric Merchandising is enabled by advanced science that taps into rich data sources and extracts insights that were neer before available to declare merchandising decision-makers. It enables better decisions in such decisive areas as everyday pricing publicity planning merchandising support, timing and erudition of markdowns and assortment. It supports tailoring of merchandising to match demand variations across geographies and customer segments and it enables better forecasting. For the spark advance retailers now putting it into practice, Consumer-Centric Merchandising is excessively breaking down the walls between marketing and merchandising, creating synergies that drive except ional, positive allude on price image and customer obedience, gross revenue volume, and the bottom line.Big-box retailers dont gamble. They blaspheme on systems that play to the strengths of efficient provider and distribution ne iirks. They deliver bulk-rate items to a generic customer base, which forces you and other competing retailers to gamble on pricing and promotions to try and keep pace. These levers cant be left to chance. Merchandising, Promotions, prescribed Pricing, Markdowns, Product Assortment, and Placement are master(prenominal) motivators of the shop experience that can spot your store from your competitors in the minds of the consumer.To improve the fishys, you lead a suite of consumer demand applications as the Aghas super store come forth ne dickensrk to take the gamble out of your merchandising strategies. Refers to a detailed concord of a retailers customers in terms of who they are, what they do in that retailers store, and what they do outside the store. It includes an accord of what they buy and why. Insights are based on market basket analysis of T-Log data, loyalty card data to analyze determine transactions over time, panel data, and other sources. It permits segmentation of customers based on lifestyle, shopping behavior, and value.3.2 Statement of the ProblemTo understand the impingement of merchandising on following biyearly Sales To evaluate whether periodic sale increase or no tangible effect after lunching a merchandising campaign. To analyze changes in willing buying behavior of consumer, this is finally a operator to change the periodic sales. Consumers response To assess that how will consumers respond to merchandising. To understand will merchandising support retailer to more accurately forestall the outcome of its own pricing and promotion actions, and to learn when to anticipate a competitive response. 3 Approach to the problem4.3 The nameMethods and Procedures inquiry purpose A model or blueprint fo r conducting the marketing enquiry project. It specifies the details of the procedures necessary for obtaining the schooling ask to structure and/or solve marketing look problem. Research design has two study categories. I. Exploratory Research cast.II. determinate Research Design.Exploratory Research Design One eccentric of look design, which has as its primary intention the provision of insights into and comprehension of the problem posture confronting the researcher. Conclusive Research Design Research designed to supporter the decision maker in determining, evaluating and selecting best course of action to take in a given situation. It has except two categories which are as follows. a) Casual Research.b) descriptive Research.Casual Research A eccentric of conclusive research where the major objective is to obtain evidence regarding cause and effect (casual) relationship.Descriptive Research One type of conclusive research that has as its major objective the descrip tion of something, usually market characteristics or functions. Descriptive researches are further divided into two classes.a. longitudinal Designb. crossing Sectional DesignLongitudinal Design One type of research design involving a refractory savor of commonwealth particles that is measured repeatedly on the equal variable. The consume remains same over time, thus providing a series of pictures which, when viewed together portray an illustration of the situation and changes that are taking place over time. bulls eye Sectional Design A type of research design involving the order of battle of information from any given judge of tribe subdivisions only once. It is further divided in two groups.* Single wipe Sectional Design* Multiple Cross Sectional DesignSingle Cross Sectional Design A cross sectional design in which one sample of respondents is move from the target population and information is obtained from this sample once. Multiple Cross Sectional Design A researc h design in which there are two or more samples of respondents, and information from for from all(prenominal) one one sample is obtained only once. We direct applied the descriptive research design to conduct the study to estimate the impact of consumer centric merchandising on consumer response, madcap buying decision and periodic sales. try out There are two major groups of ingest methods1. prospect sample distribution2. Non- hazard tryProbability try out A sampling procedure in which each element of population has a fixed probabilistic claim of being selected for the sample. The Probability Sampling is further divided into quartet classes.I. unsubdivided Random Sampling (SRS)II. arrogant Simple Random SamplingIII. cluster SamplingIV. Stratified SamplingSimple Random Sampling (SRS) A chance sampling proficiency in which each element in the population has know and equal chance of filling. Every element is selected independently of every other element and sample is drawn by stochastic procedure from a sampling frame. authoritative Simple Random Sampling A probability sampling proficiency in which the sample is chosen by selecting a random starting point and than weft every ith element in duration from the sampling frame. Cluster Sampling First, the target population is divided into mutually scoop shovel and collectively exhaustive subpopulations called clusters. Then, a random sample of clusters is selected based on probability sampling technique such as simple random sampling.For each selected cluster, every all the elements are included in the sample or a sample of elements is drawn probabilistically. A common factor of cluster sampling is area sampling, in which the clusters consist of geographic areas. Stratified Sampling A probability sampling technique that uses a two-step process to breakdown the population into subpopulations, or strata. Elements are selected from each stratum by random procedure. The variables used to partition the population into strata are referred to as stratification variable. The criteria for the selection of these variables consist of homogeneity, heterogeneity and relatedness. Non- Probability Sampling Sampling techniques that do not use chance selection procedures. Rather, they rely on the personal judgment of the researcher. The Non-Probability Sampling is further divided into intravenous feeding categories. a) gismo Samplingb) Judgmental Samplingc) Quota Samplingd) Snowball SamplingConvenience Sampling A non-probability sampling technique that attempts to obtain a sample of at rest elements. The selection of sampling units is left chiefly to the researcher. Judgmental Sampling A form of convenience sampling in which the population elements are purposely selected based on the judgment of the researcher. Quota Sampling A non-probability sampling technique that is a two-stage restricted faultfinding(prenominal) sampling. The first stage consists of developing envision categor ies or quotas of population of elements. In the bite stage, sample elements are selected based on the convenience of judgment.Snowball Sampling A non-probability sampling technique in which an sign group of respondents is selected randomly, Subsequent respondents are selected based on the referrals or information provided by the initial respondents. This process may be carried out in waves by obtaining referrals from referrals. Sampling Method Applied To conduct the study the non-probability sampling technique was applied. In non-probability sampling further quota sampling method has been employed. The rationalness for selection of quota sampling was depress and odd target population (retail outlets) in Karachi. take in Size Total sample of 26 respondents was selected for this study.Thirteen respondents (retail outlets) were selected from each district of Karachi. data Collection The data was sedate done a questionnaire of about three pages & a screener of one page the retail outlets those were dealings in FMCG products (who at least had heavy exposure of merchandising with in last-place six month). The data was collected by researcher his own-self by facial gesture to face interviews. Data Analysis The open terminate questions were transformed in to quantitative form through coding techniques. Then collected data was entered in SPSS and analyzed through statistical and inferential tools of SPSS. The data bring in been presented in tables, and graphs format. With the help of these tables and graphs we have drawn a conclusion followed by a final recommendation in the stamp of formal report.